ADHD Research on Nutrition, Sleep, and Exercise  

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NUTRITION

General Food Allergies and Sensitivities

Pelsser, L.M., Frankena, K., Toorman, J., Savelkoul, H. F., Dubois, A. E., Pereira, R. R., Haagen, T. A., Rommelse, N. N., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2011). Effects of a restricted elimination diet on the behaviour of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (INCA study): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England), 377(9764):494–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62227-1

 

Guifeng, X., Liu, B., Yang, W., Snetselaar, L., Chen, M., Bao, W., and Strathearn, L. (2022). Association of Food Allergy, Respiratory Allergy, and Skin Allergy with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder among Children. Nutrients,14(3): 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030474

 

Zhou, L., Chen, L., Li, X.,…and Wang, Y. (2019). Food allergy induces alteration in brain inflammatory status and cognitive impairments. Behavioural Brain Research, 364:374-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2018.01.011

 

Dairy and Inflammation/Cognitive Function

Jianqin, S., Leiming, X., Lu, X., Yelland, G. W., Ni, J., & Clarke, A. J. (2016). Effects of milk containing only A2 beta casein versus milk containing both A1 and A2 beta casein proteins on gastrointestinal physiology, symptoms of discomfort, and cognitive behavior of people with self-reported intolerance to traditional cows' milk. Nutrition Journal, 15, 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-016-0147-z

 

Mascarenhas, M.R. (2019). Pediatric anti-inflammatory diet. Pediatric Annals, 48(6), 220-225. https://doi.org/10.3928/19382359-20190515-02

 

Robinson, S.,  Greenway, F., Deth, R., and Fayet-Moore, F. (2024). Effects of Different Cow-Milk Beta-Caseins on the Gut–Brain Axis: A Narrative Review of Preclinical, Animal, and Human Studies, Nutrition Reviews, nuae099. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuae099

 

Topal, E., Catal, F., Soylu, N., Ozcan, O., … and Sancak, R. (2016). Psychiatric disorders and symptoms severity in pre-school children with cow's milk allergy. Allergologia et Immunopathologia,44(5), 445-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aller.2016.03.001 

 

Chunder, R., et al. (2022) Antibody cross-reactivity between casein and myelin-associated glycoprotein results in central nervous system demyelination with implications for the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis. PNAS. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117034119 (perforations in the myelin from casein antibodies) 

 

Gluten

Bressan, P. and Kramer, P. (2016). Bread and Other Edible Agents of Mental Disease. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10:130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00130

 

Clappison, E., Hadjivassiliou, M., & Zis, P. (2020). Psychiatric Manifestations of Coeliac Disease, a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 12(1), 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010142

 

Coburn, S., Rose, M., Sady, M., Parker, M., Suslovic, W., Weisbrod, V., Kerzner, B., Streisand, R., & Kahn, I. (2020). Mental Health Disorders and Psychosocial Distress in Pediatric Celiac Disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 70(5), 608–614. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000002605

 

Jackson, J. R., Eaton, W. W., Cascella, N. G., Fasano, A., & Kelly, D. L. (2012). Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 83(1), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-011-9186-y

 

Makhlouf, S., Messelmani, M., Zaouali, J., & Mrissa, R. (2018). Cognitive impairment in celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity: Review of literature on the main cognitive impairments, the imaging and the effect of gluten free diet. Acta Neurologica Belgica, 118(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-017-0870-z

 

Nagarajappa, P., Chavali, S. M., & Mylavarapu, M. (2023). Pathological Manifestations of Gluten-Related Neuro-Psychiatric Disorders and the Impact of Gluten-Free Diet in a Pediatric Age Group: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 15(10), e47062. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.47062

 

Niederhofer, H., & Pittschieler, K. (2006). A preliminary investigation of ADHD symptoms in persons with celiac disease. Journal of Attention Disorders, 10(2), 200–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054706292109

 

Niederhofer H. (2011). Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and celiac disease: a brief report. The primary care companion for CNS disorders, 13(3), PCC.10br01104. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.10br01104

 

Omega 3 Fatty Acids

Bos, D. J., Oranje, B., Veerhoek, E. S., Van Diepen, R. M., Weusten, J. M., Demmelmair, H., Koletzko, B., de Sain-van der Velden, M. G., Eilander, A., Hoeksma, M., & Durston, S. (2015). Reduced Symptoms of Inattention after Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Boys with and without Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(10), 2298–2306. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.73

 

Chang, J.P.C., Su, K.P., Mondelli, V. et al. (2019). High-dose eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) improves attention and vigilance in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and low endogenous EPA levels. Translational Psychiatry 9, 303. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0633-0

 

Chang, J.P., Su, K.P., Mondelli, V., & Pariante, C.M. (2018). Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Youths with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials and Biological Studies. Neuropsychopharmacology, 43(3), 534–545. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.160

 

Derbyshire, E. (2017). Do Omega-3/6 Fatty Acids Have a Therapeutic Role in Children and Young People with ADHD?. Journal of Lipids, 6285218. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6285218

 

Hariri, M., Djazayery, A., Djalali, M., Saedisomeolia, A., Rahimi, A., & Abdolahian, E. (2012). Effect of n-3 supplementation on hyperactivity, oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 18(3), 329–335. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24568073/

 

Hawkey, E, & Nigg, J. (2014). Omega−3 fatty acid and ADHD: Blood level analysis and meta-analytic extension of supplementation trials, Clinical Psychology Review, 34(6): 496-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.05.005

 

Milte, C.M., Parletta, N., Buckley, J.D., Coates, A.M., Young, R.M., & Howe, P.R. (2015). Increased Erythrocyte Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Are Associated With Improved Attention and Behavior in Children With ADHD in a Randomized Controlled Three-Way Crossover Trial. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19(11), 954–964. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713510562

 

Milte, C.M., Parletta, N., Buckley, J.D., Coates, A.M., Young, R.M., & Howe, P.R. (2012). Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, cognition, and behavior in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrition, 28(6), 670–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2011.12.009

 

Perera, H., Jeewandara, K. C., Seneviratne, S., & Guruge, C. (2012). Combined ω3 and ω6 supplementation in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) refractory to methylphenidate treatment: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Child Neurology, 27(6), 747–753. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073811435243

 

Richardson, A.J., and Puri, B.K. (2002). A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of supplementation with highly unsaturated fatty acids on ADHD-related symptoms in children with specific learning difficulties. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 26(2), 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5846(01)00254-8

 

Sherzai, D., Moness, R., Sherzai, S., and Sherzai, A. (2022). A Systematic Review of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Consumption and Cognitive Outcomes in Neurodevelopment. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 17(5), 649–685. https://doi.org/10.1177/15598276221116052

 

Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Brandeis, D., Cortese, S., Daley, D., Ferrin, M., Holtmann, M., Stevenson, J., Danckaerts, M., van der Oord,… European ADHD Guidelines Group (2013). Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(3), 275–289. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070991

 

Widenhorn-Müller, K., Schwanda, S., Scholz, E., Spitzer, M., & Bode, H. (2014). Effect of supplementation with long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on behavior and cognition in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a randomized placebo-controlled intervention trial. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids, 91(1-2), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2014.04.004

 

Sugar

Farsad-Naeimi, A., Asjodi, F., Omidian, M., Askari, M.,…Daneshzad, E. (2020). Sugar consumption, sugar sweetened beverages and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 53, 102512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102512

 

Hu, D., Cheng, L., & Jiang, W. (2019). Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and the risk of depression: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 245, 348–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.015

 

Jacques, A., Chaaya, N., Beecher, K., Ali, S., Belmer, A., and Bartlett, S. (2019). The impact of sugar consumption on stress driven, emotional and addictive behaviors. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,103:178-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.021

 

Johnson, R. J., Gold, M. S., Johnson, D. R., Ishimoto, T., Lanaspa, M. A., Zahniser, N. R., & Avena, N. M. (2011). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: is it time to reappraise the role of sugar consumption?. Postgraduate Medicine, 123(5), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2011.09.2458

 

Johnson, R., Wilson, W., Bland, S., and Lanaspa, M. (2021). Fructose and uric acid as drivers of a hyperactive foraging response: A clue to behavioral disorders associated with impulsivity or mania? Evolution and Human Behavior, 42(3):194-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.09.006

 

Jones, T.W., Borg, W.P., Boulware, S.D., McCarthy, G., Sherwin, R.S., and Tamborlane, W.V. (1995). Enhanced adrenomedullary response and increased susceptibility to neuroglycopenia: mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of sugar ingestion in healthy children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 126(2), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(95)70541-4

 

*Khazdouz, M., Safarzadeh, R., Hejrani, B., Hasani, M., Mahdavi, F. S., Ejtahed, H. S., & Qorbani, M. (2024). The association between junk foods consumption and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 10.1007/s00787-024-02521-8. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-024-02521-8

 

Lien, L., Lien, N., Heyerdahl, S., Thoresen, M., & Bjertness, E. (2006). Consumption of soft drinks and hyperactivity, mental distress, and conduct problems among adolescents in Oslo, Norway. American Journal of Public Health, 96(10), 1815–1820. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059477

 

Ma, X., Nan, F., Liang, H., Shu, P., Fan, X., Song, X., Hou, Y., and Zhang, D. (2022). Excessive intake of sugar: An accomplice of inflammation. Frontiers in Immunology, 13:988481. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.988481

 

Prinz, R. J., Roberts, W. A., & Hantman, E. (1980). Dietary correlates of hyperactive behavior in children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48(6), 760-769. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.48.6.760 (University of South Carolina seminal study that suggested sugar-ADHD connection)

 

Shareghfarid, E., Sangsefidi, Z. S., Salehi-Abargouei, A., & Hosseinzadeh, M. (2020). Empirically derived dietary patterns and food groups intake in relation with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 36, 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.10.013

 

Yu, C. J., Du, J. C., Chiou, H. C., Feng, C. C., Chung, M. Y., Yang, W., Chen, Y. S., Chien, L. C., Hwang, B., & Chen, M. L. (2016). Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Is Adversely Associated with Childhood Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(7), 678. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070678

 

Food Dyes and Additives

Miller, M.D., Steinmaus, C., Golub, M.S. et al. (20220). Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence. Environmental Health 21(45). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-022-00849-9

 

Nigg, J.T., et al. (2012). Meta-Analysis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms, Restriction Diet, and Synthetic Food Color Additives. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(1):86 - 97.e8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.10.015

 

OEHHA. (2021). Potential neurobehavioral effects of synthetic food dyes in children. Children's environmental health center, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. California Environmental Protection Agency. https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/risk-assessment/report/healthefftsassess041621.pdf.

 

Rambler, R. M., Rinehart, E., Boehmler, W., Gait, P., Moore, J., Schlenker, M., & Kashyap, R. (2022). A Review of the Association of Blue Food Coloring with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Children. Cureus, 14(9), e29241. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.29241

 

Sonuga-Barke, et al. 2013). Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. The American journal of psychiatry, 170(3), 275–289. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070991

 

Pesticides

Bouchard, M., Bellinger, D.,  Wright, R., and Weisskopf, M. (2010). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Pesticides. Pediatrics, 125(6):e1270–e1277. 10.1542/peds.2009-3058 Bouchard et al peds.2009-3058.full_.pdf (boerenlandvogels.nl) (Twice as likely to have ADHD)

 

Ding, J., Dai, Y., Zhang,  L.,…and Zhou, Z. (2024). Identifying childhood pesticide exposure trajectories and critical window associated with behavioral problems at 10 years of age: Findings from SMBCS, Environment International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109079  

 

Dalsager, L., Fage-Larsen, B., Bilenberg, N., Jensen, T., …and Andersen, H. (2019). Maternal urinary concentrations of pyrethroid and chlorpyrifos metabolites and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in 2-4-year-old children from the Odense Child Cohort. Environmental Research, 176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108533

 

Roberts, J. R., Dawley, E. H., & Reigart, J. R. (2019). Children's low-level pesticide exposure and associations with autism and ADHD: A review. Pediatric Research, 85(2), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-018-0200-z

 

Tessari, L., Angriman, M., Díaz-Román, A., Zhang, J., Conca, A., & Cortese, S. (2022). Association Between Exposure to Pesticides and ADHD or Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of Attention Disorders, 26(1), 48–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054720940402

 

Tewar, S., Auinger, P., Braun, J. M., Lanphear, B., Yolton, K., Epstein, J. N., Ehrlich, S., & Froehlich, T. E. (2016). Association of Bisphenol A exposure and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a national sample of U.S. children. Environmental Research, 150, 112–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.040

 

Wagner-Schuman, M., Richardson, J. R., Auinger, P., Braun, J. M., Lanphear, B. P., Epstein, J. N., Yolton, K., & Froehlich, T. E. (2015). Association of pyrethroid pesticide exposure with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a nationally representative sample of U.S. children. Environmental Health : A Global Access Science Source, 14, 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-015-0030-y

 

SLEEP

Becker, S., Epstein, J., Tamm, L.,…and Beebe, D. (2019). Shortened Sleep Duration Causes Sleepiness, Inattention, and Oppositionality in Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Findings From a Crossover Sleep Restriction/Extension Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(4):433-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.09.439

 

Gregory, A.M., and O'Connor, T.G. (2002). Sleep problems in childhood: a longitudinal study of developmental change and association with behavioral problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(8), 964–971. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200208000-00015

 

Lugo, J., Fadeuilhe, C., Gisbert, L., Setien, I.,…and Ramos-Quiroga, J. (2020). Sleep in adults with autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 38:1-24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.07.004

 

Kurdziel, L., Duclos, K., & Spencer, R. M. (2013). Sleep spindles in midday naps enhance learning in preschool children. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(43), 17267–17272. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1306418110

 

Lan, L., Tsuzuki, K., Liu, Y.F., and Lian, Z.W. (2017). Thermal environment and sleep quality: a review. Energy and Buildings, 149(15):101-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.05.043

Medic, G., Wille, M., and Hemels, M.E. (2017). Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption. Nature and Science of Sleep, 9:151-161.
https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S134864

 

O'Brien L.M. (2009). The neurocognitive effects of sleep disruption in children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(4), 813–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2009.04.008

 

O'Callaghan, F. V., Al Mamun, A., O'Callaghan, M., Clavarino, A., Williams, G. M., Bor, W., Heussler, H., & Najman, J. M. (2010). The link between sleep problems in infancy and early childhood and attention problems at 5 and 14 years: Evidence from a birth cohort study. Early human development, 86(7), 419–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.05.020

 

Pickard, H., Chu, P., Essex, C., et al. (2024). Toddler Screen Use Before Bed and Its Effect on Sleep and Attention: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatrics. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.3997 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2825196

 

Sedky, K., Bennett, D. S., & Carvalho, K. S. (2014). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sleep disordered breathing in pediatric populations: a meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 18(4), 349-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2013.12.003

 

Short, M., and Louca, M. (2015). Sleep deprivation leads to mood deficits in healthy adolescents. Sleep Medicine, 16(8), 987-993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2015.03.007

 

Palmer, C. A., Oosterhoff, B., Bower, J. L., Kaplow, J. B., & Alfano, C. A. (2018). Associations among adolescent sleep problems, emotion regulation, and affective disorders: Findings from a nationally representative sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 96, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.09.015

 

Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., O'Donnell, J., Christensen, D. J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J. J., Takano, T., Deane, R., & Nedergaard, M. (2013). Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science (New York, N.Y.), 342(6156), 373–377. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241224

 

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Chan, Y., Jang, J., & Ho, C. (2022). Effects of physical exercise on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biomedical Journal, 45(2): 265-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2021.11.011

 

Cornelius, C., Fedewa, A. L., & Ahn, S. (2017). The effect of physical activity on children with ADHD: A quantitative review of the literature. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 33(2), 136-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377903.2016.1265622

 

Den Heijer, A.E., Groen, Y., Tucha, L. et al. Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: a systematic literature review. J Neural Transmission, 124 (Suppl 1), 3–26 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-016-1593-7

 

Fard, F., Baniasadi, T., Ahmadi, S., Biyabani, S., and Mofrad, K. (2022). Effects of Physical Activity on Wellbeing among Children with ADHD: A Mediation by Self-Esteem. Journal of Humanities Insights, 6(3): 01-06. DOI: 10.22034/JHI.2022.330605.1056 Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tayebeh-Baniasadi-3/publication/362647482_Effects_of_Physical_Activity_on_Wellbeing_among_Children_with_ADHD_A_Mediation_by_Self-Esteem/links/62f6304cb8dc8b4403d9953c/Effects-of-Physical-Activity-on-Wellbeing-among-Children-with-ADHD-A-Mediation-by-Self-Esteem.pdf

 

Mualem, R., Leisman, G., Zbedat, Y., Ganem, S., Mualem, O., Amaria, M., Kozle, A., Khayat-Moughrabi, S., & Ornai, A. (2018). The Effect of Movement on Cognitive Performance. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 100. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00100

 

Sleiman, S., Henry, J., Al-Haddad, R.,…and Chao, M. (2016) Exercise promotes the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through the action of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate. eLife: Cell Biology, 5:e15092 https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15092

 

Shao, X., Longfei, H., and Yangyang, L. (2025). The effects of exercise interventions on brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Neural Regeneration Research 20(5):p 1513-1520. doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01296  Retrieved from https://journals.lww.com/nrronline/fulltext/2025/05000/the_effects_of_exercise_interventions_on.33.aspx   

 

Vysniauske, R., Verburgh, L., Oosterlaan, J., & Molendijk, M. L. (2020). The Effects of Physical Exercise on Functional Outcomes in the Treatment of ADHD: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(5), 644-654. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715627489

 

Zhu, F., Zhu, X., Bi, X., Kuang, D., Liu, B., Zhou, J., Yang, Y., and Ren, Y. (2023) Comparative effectiveness of various physical exercise interventions on executive functions and related symptoms in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health 11, 1133727. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1133727